19155mp4 -

💡 : While technically "draft" articles, they are widely viewed by the International Court of Justice and other tribunals as reflecting customary international law , making them binding on all states regardless of a formal treaty.

: Even if an official acts outside their orders, the State can still be held liable if they acted in an official capacity. 2. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness A State may be excused from responsibility if the act was: 19155mp4

The articles cover several critical areas of state behavior: 1. Attribution of Conduct A State is responsible for acts committed by: 💡 : While technically "draft" articles, they are

: Make full compensation for the injury, which can include restitution, financial payment, or a formal apology (satisfaction). 💡 : While technically "draft" articles