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: Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden).

: Established that each ruler has the right to determine the religion of their state. : Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus

: The war was devastating for Germany, which lost up to one-third of its population due to combat, famine, and disease. III. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) : Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus

: Major powers (Habsburgs vs. France) fought for European hegemony. : Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus

: No single state was allowed to dominate Europe, creating a fragile system of checks and balances. IV. Decline of the Ottoman Empire