Covers the aftermath of WWI, the occupation of Anatolia, and the War of Independence (1919–1922).
Abolition of the Sultanate (1922) and the Caliphate (1924). AtatГјrk Ve TГјrkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Online
Equality before the law and state service for all citizens. Statism: State-led economic development. Secularism: Separation of state and religious affairs. Covers the aftermath of WWI, the occupation of
Continuous modernization and adaptation to contemporary civilization. Key Modernizing Reforms (İnkılaplar) Covers the aftermath of WWI
For those looking to study this topic online, several authoritative sources provide digitized documents, lecture notes, and structured curricula: