: Critics argue that the self-employed model often leaves workers without traditional benefits or social protection [10, 30]. Challenges in the Field
Major global players like UPS, FedEx, DHL, and Amazon Logistics dominate the traditional shipping landscape, often utilizing a "hub and spoke" model for international reach [29, 32]. The Rise of the Gig Economy COURIERS
: Long hours and physically taxing work contribute to high levels of burnout and fatigue [1, 6, 9]. : Critics argue that the self-employed model often