Electrophoresis Direct

The standard method for separating DNA fragments, often used after a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to verify results.

An electrical current is applied. Since DNA and RNA are negatively charged due to their phosphate backbone, they migrate toward the positive electrode (anode).

Small molecules move through the pores of the gel quickly, while larger molecules get tangled in the matrix and move more slowly. Over time, the molecules separate into distinct bands based on their molecular weight. Common Types Electrophoresis

DNA profiling (DNA fingerprinting) uses electrophoresis to compare crime scene samples with suspect DNA.

Though the concept is simple—using electricity to push molecules through a "filter"—electrophoresis is one of the most powerful techniques in modern science. It transformed biology from a descriptive field into a precise, molecular discipline, providing the visual evidence needed to map the human genome and solve complex medical mysteries. The standard method for separating DNA fragments, often

Used for proteins. The detergent SDS unfolds the proteins and gives them a uniform negative charge, ensuring they are separated strictly by length rather than shape.

Molecules are loaded into a porous gel, typically made of agarose (for large DNA fragments) or polyacrylamide (for smaller DNA or proteins). This gel acts as a molecular sieve. Small molecules move through the pores of the

Researchers use it to isolate specific genes for cloning or to study mutations. Conclusion