The transition to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) introduced the Casper protocol , which is critical for architects to understand because it fundamentally changes how and when a transaction is considered "settled". 1. Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget)
From an architectural perspective, Ethereum is a "World Computer" where state transitions are managed by a peer-to-peer network. Developers build using a multi-layer stack: Ethereum for Architects and Developers: With Ca...
: Self-executing programs typically written in Solidity that define the business logic of an application. Casper: The Finality Engine The transition to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) introduced the Casper
: Establishes agreement on the canonical chain. Developers build using a multi-layer stack: : Self-executing
Currently live as part of the Gasper consensus mechanism, Casper FFG acts as an overlay that provides .
: Deterministic finality means that after approximately 19 minutes (under normal conditions), a transaction is immutable. This is a significant improvement over the probabilistic finality of Proof-of-Work systems. 2. Casper CBC (Correct-by-Construction)