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: The ISP perspective focuses on both the patient's strengths (Leading Edge) and repetitive traumatic patterns (Trailing Edge).
: The therapist provides the "attuned responsiveness" that was missing during the original trauma, helping the patient transform unbearable affect into integrated experience. Healing the Heart of Trauma and Dissociation wi...
: Trauma disrupts the normal linear flow of time. The traumatic past is "freeze-framed" into an eternal present. : The ISP perspective focuses on both the
Traditional psychoanalytic models often view trauma and dissociation as internal failures of a "mental apparatus." In contrast, , founded by Robert Stolorow and George Atwood, shifts the focus to the relational context. This paper argues that trauma is not a product of isolated intrapsychic mechanisms but rather an experience of unbearable affect that fails to find a "relational home". Dissociation is subsequently understood as a defensive walling off of these affects to protect the person's psychological organization. Introduction: From the Cartesian Mind to Intersubjectivity The traumatic past is "freeze-framed" into an eternal