Since the 1990s, scholars have expanded the definition of security beyond military force, a process often called "widening" (new sectors) and "deepening" (new levels).
: Research primarily centered on the state as the main actor and the preservation of national sovereignty. International and Security Studies Internationa...
International Security Studies (ISS) is a major sub-field of International Relations that focuses on organized violence, military conflict, and the protection of states and individuals. A review of this field covers its transition from traditional Cold War-era military strategies to modern, "widened" concerns like human and environmental security. 1. Traditional Foundations Since the 1990s, scholars have expanded the definition
: Core topics included nuclear deterrence, bipolarity, and conventional military threats. Since the 1990s
: Research now includes economic stability, energy security, and environmental threats like climate change.