The creation of a unified global market began, but it was built on the exploitation of colonial territories and indigenous peoples.

Students are often asked to recall the Great Geographical Discoveries that paved the way for this era of expansion. Self-Check Questions

Experienced a transition from an independent empire toward becoming a semi-colony. Critical Study Points

This section details how European powers established control over global territories and the resulting conflicts.

European nations sought economic gain through resource extraction, trade control, and the spread of European culture and religion to local populations.

How did the relationship between Britain and France shape world politics in the 18th century?