Yekaterinburg (Urals), Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan , and Vladivostok (Far East).
The Scientific Complex (Научный комплекс) is a core component of the Russian economy studied in . It encompasses the collection of institutions and organizations dedicated to scientific research, experimental development, and the training of scientific personnel. Structure and Composition nauchnyi kompleks 9 klass prezentatsiia
Archives and specialized libraries that preserve and organize scientific data. Geography of Science in Russia such as defense
Research departments focused on specific economic branches, such as defense, energy, or medicine. nauchnyi kompleks 9 klass prezentatsiia
Scientific activities are highly concentrated in major urban centers and specialized "science cities":
A primary center for diverse scientific fields.
R&D departments within large industrial enterprises and private firms.