A variable used to synchronize concurrent processes and manage resource access. Unit 4: Deadlocks

The core component of the OS that directly communicates with hardware to manage CPU scheduling, memory allocation, and device control.

Allocating CPU time to processes in the ready queue. Common algorithms include FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, and Priority.

Dividing physical memory into frames and logical memory into pages to eliminate external fragmentation.

Temporarily storing data (e.g., for printers) on disk.

A process is a program in execution. The five states include New, Ready, Running, Waiting (Blocked), and Terminated.