Reverse Osmosis And Nanofiltration | Popular

Modern membranes utilize thin-film composite (TFC) structures, with emerging materials like graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and biomimetic materials showing promise for higher permeability and chemical resistance. Primary Applications

Fouling, or the accumulation of contaminants on the membrane surface, is the "Achilles' heel" of these systems, requiring robust pre-treatment (e.g., UF, chlorination, pH adjustment). Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration

Uses dense, high-pressure membranes to reject almost all dissolved salts (monovalent/divalent), organic compounds, and microorganisms (>99% rejection). It is the standard for seawater/brackish water desalination. carbon nanotubes (CNTs)