The Rise And Fall Of Apartheid | South Africa:

The system was designed to ensure the political, social, and economic dominance of the white minority. Key architects like D.F. Malan and later Hendrik Verwoerd implemented laws that touched every aspect of life.

: The Population Registration Act of 1950 classified all citizens into four groups: White, Black (Bantu), Coloured (mixed race), and Indian/Asian. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid

: Non-whites were required to carry "passes" (internal passports) to enter or work in white-only areas; failure to produce one resulted in immediate arrest. The system was designed to ensure the political,

: The Group Areas Act (1950) mandated separate residential areas, leading to the forced removal of millions of non-white South Africans from their homes. : The Population Registration Act of 1950 classified

: The end of the Cold War removed the government's excuse that it was a "bulwark against communism," making it easier for Western allies to withdraw support.

Apartheid (meaning "apartness" in Afrikaans ) was a formal system of institutionalized racial segregation and white minority rule in South Africa that lasted from . While racial discrimination existed in South Africa for centuries under Dutch and British colonial rule, the 1948 election of the National Party (NP) codified these practices into rigid, all-encompassing laws. The Rise of Apartheid (1948–1960s)