: "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies" by Tenger-Trolander et al. (2019).
: The study suggests that while environmental cues are important, there is a likely genetic basis or a rapid evolutionary shift occurring in captive populations that "breaks" the migratory strand in their behavioral biology. strand & tenger
: This research is frequently cited in discussions about the "phenotypic costs of captivity," illustrating how human intervention and artificial rearing can inadvertently strip a species of complex survival behaviors like long-distance migration. Where to Find the Article : "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies"
You can access the full study and related reviews through the following academic platforms: : This research is frequently cited in discussions
: The research demonstrates that monarch butterflies reared in captivity (often purchased from commercial breeders) lose the innate ability to orient south for migration. Even when these butterflies were raised outdoors to experience natural environmental cues, they still failed to orient correctly compared to wild butterflies.