Structural Equation Models: From Paths To Networks Apr 2026

: Westland is known for a critical stance on certain methods; for instance, he famously characterizes PLS path modeling as potentially problematic for researchers interested in "bogus theories with random data". Practical Resource Information Structural Equation Models: From Paths to Networks

: Chapters 4 and 5 provide detailed guidelines for data preparation and sample size calculations when using Likert scales instead of continuous metrics. Structural Equation Models: From Paths to Networks

: It traces SEM back to the natural sciences, specifically biology and Sewall Wright’s (1921) path analysis , which was developed to make sense of diverse biological observations. : Westland is known for a critical stance

: Discussed extensively, including its differences from PLS regression. : Discussed extensively, including its differences from PLS

: Contemporary methods that expand SEM's ability to map complex, naturally occurring networks. Key Technical Insights

Westland places a strong emphasis on research design and data adequacy, addressing topics often neglected in standard "cookbook" textbooks.

(2019) by J. Christopher Westland is a concise reference that explores the evolution and application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). It is unique for showcasing a wide range of methodologies—from historical path analysis to modern neural network-based approaches—rather than focusing on just one school of thought. Core Themes and Historical Context