The authors distinguish between criminogenic needs (factors directly linked to recidivism, such as pro-criminal attitudes or substance abuse) and non-criminogenic needs (factors like low self-esteem or vague anxiety). For rehabilitation to work, treatment must target the former.
Bonta and Andrews identify eight major risk factors, with the "Big Four" being the most significant predictors of reoffending: a history of antisocial behavior, antisocial personality patterns, antisocial cognitions (values/beliefs), and antisocial associates. The remaining "Moderate Four" include family/marital circumstances, school/work performance, leisure/recreation, and substance abuse. By focusing on these empirically backed variables, the PCC moves the conversation away from clinical intuition and toward data-driven assessment. Human Service over Punishment The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, Fifth Edition
these principles to a specific case study or scenario? The Pillars of Criminal Psychology: A Review of
The Pillars of Criminal Psychology: A Review of The Psychology of Criminal Conduct antisocial personality patterns