: It was designed to preserve French linguistic heritage against the perceived hegemony of English-language (primarily American) pop and rap. 2. The Rise of French Hip-Hop

: Radio stations, forced to fill their 40% quotas with French-language music, began heavily rotating local rap artists like IAM, MC Solaar, and NTM .

: By the late 1990s, France became the second-largest market for hip-hop in the world, trailing only the United States. 3. The "Strike" (Grève) and Social Context